Automobile Air Pollution Essay Example for Free

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights

Presentation Social passionate learning ought to be offered to understudies in each school area. Through social enthusiastic learning, the understudies will have the option to maintain the overseeing guideline of individual rights. This paper investigates the standard of individual rights and how it identifies with social passionate learning. The significance of the presentation of social enthusiastic learning in schools is investigated. In addition, the guideline of individual rights and the progressions it has experienced since the commencement of the United States is discussed.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Body Social passionate learning empowers the understudies to deal with their sentiments and have the option to relate with others and structure helpful connections. The understudies are likewise ready to settle on astute choices and manage difficul ties that they face in their everyday lives. Through social passionate learning, understudies can secure the aptitudes essential for them to work on the planet effectively and have the option to manage various undertakings in their lives as future residents. Social passionate learning molds individuals’ character and empowers them to be dependable. In addition, the understudies become capable residents as they figure out how to be liable for their activities, deal with their wellbeing and relate better with different residents (Zins 12). One of the core values of the United States government is singular rights. The standard expresses that the residents have rights that ought to be ensured and not damaged. The essential privileges of each resident ought to be secured. These rights incorporate the privilege to life, the privilege to freedom, and the option to seek after joy. Through social enthusiastic learning, the understudies will have the option to prevail in their investig ations and add to the prosperity of the general public. They will have the option to accomplish their objectives, have important associations with others and subsequently, accomplish joy. They will have the option to regard and identify with others and thusly not disregard their privileges. They will hence have the option to maintain the guideline of individual rights. The presentation of social passionate learning in schools is a push to empower the understudies to comprehend the idea of individual rights since the beginning so as to embrace the standard later on as residents. So as to build the social passionate learning programs accessible to understudies, the Academic, Social and Emotional Learning Act of 2011 has been presented by Judy Biggert, Dale Kildee, and Tim Ryan. Through this Act, the educators will have the option to ingrain all the fundamental aptitudes in their understudies so as to empower them to become dependable residents in future.Advertising Looking for investi gate paper on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The â€Å"Founding Fathers† remembered the standard of individual rights for the Declaration of autonomy as one of the core values of the United States government. Among the key Founding Fathers were George Washington, John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison (Schwartz 68). The various rights lay on the rights to life, freedom, and seeking after joy. The Founding Fathers accepted that the sole motivation behind the administration was to secure these rights. They likewise accepted that an individual’s life doesn't have a place with any other person however to him/her alone and along these lines, they ought to have opportunity to do whatever they please (Freehling 81). The usage of the guideline of individual rights empowered residents to live uninhibitedly without being accommodating to any ace. The y were allowed to live their lives however they wanted seek after their fantasies and relate with others uninhibitedly. The execution of individual rights empowered the residents to approach different rights like ability to speak freely and religion, among others. The guideline of individual rights has kept on being maintained through the institution of a few resolutions, for example, Section 1983 of title 42 of the United States Code (Blackmun 1). Additionally, the constitutions of the states have been resuscitated to maintain the standard of human rights (Brennan 535). Be that as it may, what the Founding Fathers had confidence in has changed after some time. The United States government has throughout the years presented projects and laws that don't ensure singular rights. The privileges of residents are being damaged and along these lines, the administration is conflicting with the idea of individual opportunity that was presented by the Founding Fathers. For example, the citize ns’ right to property is disregarded through tax assessment where their cash is taken and conveyed to other people. Also, re-conveying of riches damages the privileges of individuals who have buckled down for it since every individual has an option to what he/she has worked for. The privilege to the citizen’s body is disregarded through precluding the utilization of specific nourishments. The administration likewise abuses the privilege of people through government assistance programs since the people are prevented the opportunity from securing utilizing their cash however they see fit. The privileges of agents to set the costs that they esteem reasonable for their items have been abused through the sanctioning of against trust laws.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The privilege of people to pick how to put resources into their future has ad ditionally been disregarded through Social Security. Also, business guidelines by the legislature have disregarded the privilege of people to settle on their own choices with respect to their property. Consequently, the first vision of the Founding Fathers to have a country where each citizen’s singular rights are secured has been adulterated. Along these lines, social enthusiastic learning ought to be joined in all schools so as to empower the understudies to see how to live with others and grasp the genuine importance of individual rights. The significant aptitudes that the understudies gain incorporate understanding their sentiments and those of others, capacity to oversee outrage, state of mind and driving forces, the capacity to set and accomplish objectives, the capacity to identify with others and the capacity to oversee connections and resolve clashes (Zins 30). With these aptitudes, the understudies can in future have the option to return the nation to the standards of the Founding Fathers and change the present government projects and laws that negate the individual privileges of the residents. End From the above conversation, it is apparent that the presentation of social enthusiastic learning in schools is an exceptionally honorable thought as it readies the understudies to become mindful residents in future. The understudies can find out about the rule of individual rights. The connection between social enthusiastic learning and individual rights has been talked about and the progressions that the guideline of individual rights has experienced have been featured. Throughout the years, there has been a deviation by the administration from the first standards of the Founding Fathers with respect to singular rights. In this manner, social passionate learning ought to be presented in all school areas so as to empower the understudies to shape the laws and projects of the United States government in future so that the rule of individual rights w ill be maintained. Works Cited Blackmun, Harry. â€Å"Section 1983 And Federal Protection Of Individual Rights †Will The Statute Remain Alive Or Fade Away?† New York University Law Review 60.1 (1985): 1. Print. Brennan, William. â€Å"The Bill Of Rights and the States: The Revival of State Constitutions as Guardians of Individual Rights.† New York University Law Review 61.4 (1986): 535. Print.Advertising Searching for investigate paper on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Freehling, William. â€Å"The Founding Fathers and slavery.† The American Historical Review 77.1 (1972): 81-93. Print. Schwartz, Bernard. The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill Of Rights. USA: Rowman Littlefield, 1992. Print Zins, Joseph. Building Academic Success On Social And Emotional Learning: What Does The Research Say? USA: Teachers College Press, 2004. Print This exploration paper on Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights was composed and put together by client Jordyn D. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The Importance of Developing Your Own College Essay Topics

The Importance of Developing Your Own College Essay TopicsIf you want to improve your college admissions chances, one of the best pieces of advice is to develop your own essay topic. It's really as simple as that. You could spend hours coming up with your topic, but when you get it right, you can really boost your chances of being accepted into your college of choice.The first thing you need to do is consider the differences between the college essay topics that are out there. There are many different types of topics. The first thing to know is that there are also several different ways to approach a topic.For example, the college essay topics that typically come about are usually written as a debate. People who study and teach college essays would recognize this as the most typical approach, because it basically requires you to put forward your viewpoint as one of the best candidates for the admissions committee. This usually isn't a good way to go about doing it, because your essay will not show your personality. You also won't be able to communicate the whole picture of who you are, because you won't be able to give a coherent description of what your background is.Another approach for college essay topics, which is fairly uncommon, is to write about one of your favorite things. For example, if you enjoy writing, this might be an ideal idea. You can talk about what your writing means to you, why you chose to write, and how it's influenced your life.Another approach to creating your own college essay topics, which is more rare, is to write about a topic that interests you. Maybe you're interested in computers, or astronomy, or space exploration. Whatever it is, if you find a topic that is interesting to you, you can easily come up with a good essay topic. In fact, it's a lot easier than coming up with topics that interest you. If you find that you're having trouble coming up with any topics that are your own, then there's no harm in trying to get help from an adviser, such as a guidance counselor. They'll be able to advise you on which topic to write about, so that you're not stuck in a rut. However, they should always advise you against writing anything on your own, because it might not show you how to properly use the essay topic format.In conclusion, it's important to develop your own essay topics. Although it's not required, this may help you be more prepared for the admissions interview. Your topic should be very interesting to you, and it should reflect the way that you see yourself in relation to the other applicants.

Confidence Intervals 4 Common Mistakes

Confidence intervals are a key part of inferential statistics. We can use some probability and information from a probability distribution to estimate a population parameter with the use of a sample. The statement of a confidence interval is done in such a way that it is easily misunderstood. We will look at the correct interpretation of confidence intervals and investigate four mistakes that are made concerning this area of statistics. What Is a Confidence Interval? A confidence interval can be expressed either as a range of values or in the following form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error A confidence interval is typically stated with a level of confidence. ​Common confidence levels are 90%, 95%, and 99%. We will look at an example where we want to use a sample mean to infer the mean of a population. Suppose that this results in a confidence interval from 25 to 30. If we say that we are 95% confident that the unknown population mean is contained in this interval, then we are really saying that we found the interval using a method that is successful in giving correct results 95% of the time. In the long run, our method will be unsuccessful 5% of the time. In other words, we will fail at capturing the true population mean only one out of every 20 times. Mistake #1 We will now look at a series of different mistakes that can be made when dealing with confidence intervals. One incorrect statement that is often made about a confidence interval at a 95% level of confidence is that there is a 95% chance that the confidence interval contains the true mean of the population. The reason that this is a mistake is actually quite subtle. The key idea pertaining to a confidence interval is that the probability used enters the picture with the method that is used, in determining confidence interval is that it refers to the method that is used. Mistake #2 A second mistake is to interpret a 95% confidence interval as saying that 95% of all of the data values in the population fall within the interval. Again, 95% speaks to the method of the test. To see why the above statement is incorrect, we could consider a normal population with a standard deviation of 1 and a mean of 5. A sample that had two data points, each with values of 6 has a sample mean of 6. A 95% confidence interval for the population mean would be 4.6 to 7.4. This clearly does not overlap with 95% of the normal distribution, so it will not contain 95% of the population. Mistake #3 A third mistake is to say that a 95% confidence interval implies that 95% of all possible sample means fall within the range of the interval. Reconsider the example from the last section. Any sample of size two that was comprised of only values less than 4.6 would have a mean that was less than 4.6. Thus these sample means would fall outside of this particular confidence interval. Samples that match this description account for more than 5% of the total amount. So it is a mistake to say that this confidence interval captures 95% of all sample means. Mistake #4 A fourth mistake in dealing with confidence intervals is to think that they are the sole source of error. While there is a margin of error associated with a confidence interval, there are other places that errors can creep into a statistical analysis. A couple of examples of these kinds of errors could be from an incorrect design of the experiment, bias in the sampling or an inability to obtain data from a certain subset of the population.

The Classroom Learning Theories And Models - 1454 Words

In creating an opportunity to influence learning for children and adults in the classroom learning theories and models are used to tactfully engage the participants. The learning theories implemented are similar for both school aged children and adults. Regardless of the age of the student that is involved in learning, the system used to accomplish the learning is associated with seeing, hearing, listening, and some instances hands- on practice. Therefore, children that are learning new concepts are very similar to adults who receive on the job training to further advance their career. The application for each situation albeit at times may be different, but the processes implemented may be very much the same to achieve results. David Kolb along with Rita and Kenneth Dunn are theorists that are widely regarded as premiere contributors to the field of learning style models. David Kolb believed that adult learning took place through four stages of development on two levels. Those first level stages are cyclical and include concrete experience, reflection, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. However, the second level stages are labeled as diverging, assimilating, converging, and accommodating. Rita and Kenneth Dunn focused on learning behaviors that ranged from school age children to adults. Dunn Dunn believed that there were five influential external factors that contributed to learning. Those factors included environmental, emotional,Show MoreRelatedSocial Cognitive Theory1628 Words   |  7 Pages Jeanne Omrod, author of Human learning (2016), defines social cognitive theory as â€Å"the systematic study of learning through observation and imitation† founded by Neal Miller and John Dollard, of whom were influenced by the â€Å"research and writings of Albert Bandura.† The defining principles of social cognitive theory include learning by observing behaviors and consequences; learning can occur without a behavior chan ge; cognition is vital; and people can have substantial control (Omrod, 2016, p. 115)Read MoreLearning Theories Of Learning And Teaching Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Model and Theories in Practice Sheila Morgan Richard R. Wiley School of Education At Walden University Abstract Education has long been the center of reform with new ideas about learning and teaching. Educators are regularly introduced to new teaching strategies, curricula and rigorous standards in an effort to provide effective instruction to students. However, the pursuit of proficiency in mathematics and reading through the use of research-based methods requires an understanding ofRead MoreQuestions On Classroom Management Techniques Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhen thinking of classroom behavior, I think of children running around screaming and disrupting the whole class. I also think about how I want my class to run. In order for my classroom to run smoothly I need to identify my classroom management philosophy. Classroom management techniques refer to the strategies that teachers employ to effectively create safe, respectful classroom environments that reinforce positive behaviors and eliminate behaviors that negatively impact learning. Management strategiesRead MoreIntegrating Wire less Laptop Into the Classroom Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe theoretical framework for integrating wireless laptops involves the theory of social constructivism (SC). Dewey (1916/1997), Papert (1993/2000), Piaget (1932/1997), and Vygotsky (1978/1981) are the noted developers of the SC theory. The theory of SC underlies building collaborative relationships between teachers and their students. Dewey (1916/1997), SC suggests that teachers facilitate and observe their students. The focus must convey on understanding the vast amenities that technologyRead MoreAlbert Bandura Created The Social Cognitive Theory, Which1459 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Bandura created the Social Cognitive Theory, which is actions shown or displayed in front of a child is how he/she will act. Bandura has spent most of his life studied the behavioral traits in young children, mostly aggression in younger children. With Bandura’s theory we will learn about why it is so important to demonstrate it in the classroom, the key points of this theory and learn more about Albert Bandura and how he came up with the theory. Biographical Background of Albert BanduraRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Maslow Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory has made a major impact in education and within classroom management within our schools. Maslow takes on a holistic approach to education and learning. He looks at the entire physical, emotional, social, and intellectual qualities of an individual and how they impact on learning. According to Maslow s hierarchy theory, the work of the classroom teacher is obvious. Before a student s cognitive needs can be met they must first fulfill their basicRead MoreThe Impact Of Ecological Classroom Management On The Classroom1341 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Today’s generation of children can’t be controlled and I would never be a teacher†. This may be true, but as the ecological classroom management models show us that there are ways to create effective management in the classroom while keeping students engaged and interested. In today’s society, there is a need for increased discipline in the classroom. Having discipline in the classroom and using it appropriately is like having a tool box in your shed. You have all sorts of tools in your tool box, but youRead MoreARCS Model1616 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation in the Elementary Math Class: Implementing the ARCS Model of Instruction Student motivation has been acknowledged by scholars as a key component linked to academic success and a continuing challenge for educators (Keller, 2010 Murray, 2011). In fact, Linder, Smart and Cribbs (2015) cite motivation as being essential for student success in mathematical tasks. â€Å"Motivation refers broadly to what people desire, what they choose to do, and what they commit to do† (Keller, 2010, p.). It isRead MoreThe Effect Of Mobile And Wireless Communication On The Environment844 Words   |  4 PagesThe changes also enable the appearance of cloud technology and the utilization of data management called big data. Another effect that is placed in a classroom. The classroom in the 21st century is virtual and allows stakeholders include students and teachers to access courses through online devices. Lin, H., Wang, Y., Li, C. (2016). Mobile learning has become more and more important in the educational context because the rapid advance and the popularity of wireless communication and mobile technologiesRead MoreComparison Between Classroom Management And The Regulation Of Learner Behavior And Its Effective Learning1666 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and Contrast Theories Paper Introduction Classroom management is applicable in the regulation of learner behavior and consequent effective learning. Class management that is effective involves the attainment of a rich understanding of learner’s needs, the creation of a positive classroom climate as well as students involvement in the process of learning (Emmer Sabornie, 2014). Classroom management has the ultimate objective of making the schoolroom

Essay on The Book Thief By Markus Zusak Essay Example For Students

Essay on The Book Thief By Markus Zusak Essay To what extent is The Book Thief by Markus Zusak worthy of being deemed ‘Great Literature?’The Book Thief is a relatively recent fictional novel written by Markus Zusak which tells the story of Liesel, a young German girl, and her life throughout the Second World War. Wrought with tragedy, the narrative is told from the point of view of Death, offering a unique insight into human life. Despite how contemporary the novel is, it has received droves of critical acclaim and is often considered to be one of the best books of modern times. But can it be considered ‘great’ literature?There is often debate about what ‘Great’ literature actually is, which is important to consider. For the most part, however, based upon the canon, great literature was originally written by white, Anglo-Saxon males, who are often now dead, as these people were the group who had the political and social power, so in the times when many of the novels were written their view s and experience were considered dominant, so they essentially determined what was ‘great’ literature. However there are many issues with the canon as, although it provides a foundation of what ‘great’ literature actually is, it is widely outdated and is therefore not representative of the rapidly evolving writing styles of present day authors, as well as the habits of readers and the types of novels they enjoy. It becomes even more irrelevant when the fact that ‘great’ literature will not be the same for everyone as different people will have different opinions about whether or not a piece of work can be considered ‘great’ literature.The Book Thief shares a lot of themes with many classic literary novels and indeed those which are relevant to all society. Death is present both in the. .ears it could not be considered ‘great’. Regardless many of its themes are those which are likely to have timeless relevance to society such as war and love, which it also shares with the novels that are generally assumed to be ‘great’ literature, implying that it possesses timeless characteristics as well as the fact that various other aspects suggest that it should be considered ‘great’ literature.I believe that The Book Thief should in fact be considered ‘great’ literature despite its issues concerning how recent it is due to its universal relevance. Furthermore, at this point in time the fact that Zusak does not fit into the canon is almost irrelevant, as the canon is not and should not be a representation of ‘great’ literature in today’s society and is one of the least important factors when considering whether or not a novel should be considered great.

Jean And Gerhard Lenski, In Their Theory Of Sociocultural Evolution, D

Jean and Gerhard Lenski, in their theory of sociocultural evolution, describe five different types of societies, separated by their technologies. They are the hunting and gathering societies, the horticultural and pastoral societies, the agrarian societies, the industrial societies, and the post-industrial societies. Which of these societies would I prefer? I will argue that the post-industrial society is favorable to the other four societies. Compared to the post-industrial society, an individual in the hunting and gathering society consumes a great deal of time, energy, and thought, collecting and hunting for food. Most of these societies today generally live in marginal areas where resources are scarce, so life for the hunter and gatherer seems more oriented toward mere survival. The natural elements can be harsh, for example, in the Arctic where the Inuit live. In the post-industrial society, food is easily available, allowing more time to focus on other interests. Life expectancy is also very low compared to the post industrial society. Technology is minimal in the hunting and gathering society, which again relates back to the need for expending time and energy finding food. Technology in medicine is also primitive for hunters and gatherers. If I, or someone I cared for, develops a pendicitis, for example, this would be easily treatable in the post-industrial society, death would be rare. In the hunting and gathering society, likely I or my cared-one would suffer pain and eventually die. The hunting and gathering society certainly has its benefits. Equality is great and social stratification is low, opposed to the post-industrial society. I feel that the costs, however, outweigh these benefits. As with the hunting and gathering societies, the horticultural and pastoral societies do not afford as much time for leisure as does the post-industrial society. Production of food in the horticulturist society and care of animals in the pastoral society still consumes a large portion of time for most of its members. The horticulturist is at the mercy of the elements since a bad season or natural phenomena such as a flood can deplete food resources and drastically effect the survival of its members. Pastoral societies are also at risk of animal diseases or droughts. These societies do not have the technologies that post-industrial societies have to guard against food shortage. The pastorals are nomadic, and sometimes endure harsh and even dangerous environments in their journeys. Medical technology is also low, so physical pain and death are more common than in post-industrial society. The agrarian society, compared to the post-industrial society, displays more inequality. There exists a large economic gap between the wealthy or elite and the poor or slaves and peasants. As an elite man in this society, life would be easy. One would have much leisure time to follow other interests like schooling and art. As a peasant or slave, however, time and energy would be consumed working for the elite. Power is highly stratified between rich and poor, men and women. It does not display the more general democratic political characteristics of the post-industrial society. The ability to choose is dependent on economic class, and is generally determined by birth. Social mobility is rare in contrast to post-industrial society. I view this as an unjust society and would prefer democracy prevalent in post-industrial society. As with the agrarian society, early industrial societies are marked with economic, social, and political inequality. Advancing technology benefits the few or rich in that they collect wealth in industry. The rich are the factory owners who use technology to produce more and make more money. The workers are the poor. In early industrial societies, there are no laws that give rights to the worker. Workers are subjected to long hours, low pay, and dangerous working environments. Technology is moving fast while the political institutions lag behind. Generally, the industrial society is one where the majority of its members work in factories. Most of one's day involves doing repetitive or thoughtless work. It produces a feeling of isolation since interaction with others is limited. This type of work is something that a machine in post-industrialist society would do. The post-industrial society is the most technologically advanced, and technology definitely has benefits. The use of computers in medicine can detect disease and cure ailment, thus promoting

A Plan for Positive Influence

A Plan for Positive Influence Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Robbins Judge, 2007). Motivation is intense and shows how hard a person tries in order to achieve goals, it has direction that shows that the persons efforts are put in the right direction to achieve goals and it also takes into account persistence which means how long a person can make efforts in order to achieve goals. Job satisfaction refers to how content a person is with his job. It shows the persons willingness to do a job and how happy he feels doing the job. Some of the factors that typically influence job satisfaction would be the nature of the work, promotions, money, supervision, relationships and coworkers. Performance is the activity that goes on in an organization. Motivation, job satisfaction and performance variables are all directly related to each other.The Hungry Hustlerz: Starvation Is MotivationThe greater the motivatio n among employees, the higher will be their job satisfaction and eventually their performance will be the best and vice versa. The plan outlined below will aim at improving motivation of the team members primarily, which would effect job satisfaction among the team members and thus improve performance of the team to make the project a success.Team AssessmentsThere are many attributes that need to be looked at when it comes to working on a big project where there may be the possibility of many individuals who are assigned to the project. There's ones personality, effort, involvement, and style when it comes to working as a group. Obviously, no one person works or thinks alike. Each team member would contribute in some form or the other, keeping in mind the positive qualities that each hold. Based on the assessment that was taken by my...

Article Review of Half Defense Positive Accounting Research

This report discusses research paper on the half a defense positive accounting research. Positive accounting research is the research to test the positive accounting theory. Watts and Zimmerman state that the contract between parties in different organizations leads the accounting to be emerged. The scientific research is called to be positive accounting research when the non rational elements of human behavior cause accounting. Along with this, the main aims this report is to analyze the phenomena of the accounting research. The main aim of the research paper was to analyze the positive accounting research in intellectual project in scientific research with a view to identify the cause and effect relationship in the world. The report will include the critical argument on ontology and epistemology, research methodology used in the article, hypothesis set out in the paper, and hypothesis testing with recommendation provided in the article. The main focus of the report is to identify t he cause and effect relationship in accounting. The article is focused on the review of epistemological and ontological hypothesis of the intellectual project to understand and gain insight into the deficiencies and importance of positive accounting research. This article analyzes and discusses Positive Accounting Theory. It compares two different theories positive accounting theory and normative accounting theory to identify the best one theory. It assesses the development of Positive Accounting Theory and puts in comparison with three standard account of science Lakatos, Kuhn, and Popper. This article demonstrates that rather positive Accounting Theory comprises of elements of all the three standards of science however methodological status of the Positive Accounting Theory does not fit any of three fully. Along with this, the article found that development of Positive Accounting Theory characterized normal science over the decades by Kuhn. This article aims to identify that how the current accounting research practices are below to whatever required conducting the research successfully. It also assesses two aspects epistemology and ontology of the positive research. Along with this, the article shows that Watts and Zimmerman devised a term Positive Accounting Theory for their theory of accounting. Along with this, the epistemology and ontology of the research programs of positive accounting have been examined. This paper identified that positivist research programs are very effective and powerful, however due to some deficiencies in the research practices it losing its value. This paper identified that casually development of theoretical models, dully reliance of research on the rational of hypothesis testing, no interest in the quantitative parametrical values, and analysis of qualitative data using theories exist. Different competing theories should be tested comparatively to ensure the critical qualitative research. According to this paper, the positive research in accounting is not able to attain scientific objectives of the research. However, normal science defined by Kuhn is best suited to the positive research in accounting than actual science. Apart from this, the article devised some suggestion such as better theoretical model for positive accounting research, better measurement of the theoretical models, and shifting the focus to anticipation of the parameters from testing the formed hypothesis. There are following working hypothesis made in this paper. These hypotheses are These hypotheses were developed based on the understanding and knowledge gained by the researcher from the literature review. The researcher did not assert for the hypothesis and revealed the general agreed explanation that the living being outside the world intervene in the world that causes the events in the world. In this paper, theoretical framework has been used to conduct the qualitative positive research of accounting. This paper includes theoretical framework that defines the hypothesis, data collection, hypothesis testing, how the existing theories are falsified and proved, research approach, philosophy, and other research methods and methodologies for the qualitative and quantitative positive accounting research program. The epistemology, ontology and research methods are the part of interpretive research paradigm. Positive accounting research is the testing of the positive accounting theory. According to Watts and Zimmerman, implied or express contract between parties in the different kinds of organization and the rational in their self interest may cause accounting. The positive accounting theory carries choice for managers, auditors’ decision for reporting and pricing, politicians and regulators’ decision regarding accounting standards, expert advice, and various other phenomena of accounting. Some kinds of accounting researches assess the human behavior without considering the rationality and self interest of the parties. Thus, the positive accounting research is broader than the positive accounting theory. This may be called as scientific accounting research as the non-rational elements of the human behavior cause the phenomena of accounting. Positive accounting research is just different from the accounting research. Ontology states that the knowledge developed by the contextual and social understanding of the accounting. At the same time, epistemology aspect of the interpretivist paradigm states that how does one get to know about the worldview of a person. The positive accounting research is interpretivist research pursuing some of the question such as what, why, when, and how to develop the contextual understanding of the research topic or problem. The world does not object the nature of the persons consisted of their role, practices, relationships, and conducts. The events or contract between parties may be without following any rational aspects. The self interest as recited above should comprise of the experience gained by the social actor or person and the meaning he or she gives to his or her life and acts. Both of the elements of self interest give the sense of the subjectivity but they form an objective reality during the social interaction process among parties. Due to the logical difficulties between ontological and epistemological aspects of positive accounting research, the positive research programs are futile as they aims at developing the objective understanding of the factors causing phenomena of accounting.   The ontology here has defined the reality of the social interaction between human beings and epistemology has defined that how the research can discover the meaning behind the activities and events took place. The research asks open questions rather than close ending questions to know about the viewpoints of the persons. The researcher decides about the questions to be asked from the participants. The manager controls over the research through the budgetary system. The key problem has to be identified for furthering the research process. It may be that the positive epistemology and ontology are not correct but they cannot be said illogical and absurd.   Methodology is the third element of the research paradigm. The methodology states that methods used in the research. The methodology used in the article given below: Research philosophy and research approach: The interpretivist research philosophy has been used in this paper to discover the causes of accounting phenomenon without non rational assumptions. The researcher used some questions such as what, why, when, and how regarding the relationship between positive and interpretive accounting research as that between humanity and science. At the same time, here inductive approach was used to prove the theories. Inductive approach has been used to gather the qualitative data to test the cause and effect relation between human behavior and accounting. The research design is the types of research to be used for solving the problem. The research design may be of two types such as quantitative research and qualitative research. The qualitative research has been conducted using inductive approach to gather the huge data regarding positive accounting research in organizations. The qualitative research methods include interview, narrative, observation, case study, ethnography, and others. Here the researcher has used qualitative research to test the theories. The qualitative research is used to test whether the nature of reality which is socially framed is not an insuperable issue, and is there a difficulty in observation of the corporate directors’ social world than the same of the wolf. The survey has been used to know the human behavior in the group.   Survey is the method in which the information about behavior of the human in organizations is gathered through asking some question or observation. There are some steps of the Poppers theory that should be followed while testing the theories. This process includes four steps which are The Popper’s criterion may not be falsified and disapproved because many of the assumption are decided theoretically so falsification of that prediction does not show the assumption which is actually wrong. At the same time, the testing of hypothesis by the observation is not the scientific research therefore the Popper’ criterion cannot be disproved. The observation cannot help in measuring a single theory but in case of two or more theories the observation might be selected. A decisive observation can disapprove the theories which are incorrect but at the same time it would have to support to the competing theories or theory.   The qualitative accounting research fails in solving the question whether theory of Foucault is applicable in situation of the adoption of the strategic system approach in auditing and whether the application technology of self devised by Foucault to ensure the compliance by front line auditors is an empirical question or not. The theoretical frameworks used are assertion that leads the failure of the qualitative accounting research.   The paper provided includes some recommendation for effective positive research programs. A specific vulnerable model should be utilized with carefully entering the variables in model for mathematical measurement. Analytical modeling of the theoretical models to effectively test the theoretical prediction should be. In accounting research, the researcher should develop a theoretical model accordingly that may support in collection, validation and analysis of data. The main focus of the research should be on the measurement rather than testing. The measurement supports in developing the conceptual understanding. This paper identified that gap between positive accounting research programs and requirements to make it more effective for contributing in intellectual programs. This limitation affects the significance of the article. Improper selection of the research methods leads to ineffective research and testing of the theories that leads to incorrect consequences. These limitations put impact on the quality of the article and its contribution. The scientific research hypothesis set out the researchers was not accepted by the Kuhn theory. The article focuses on the Kuhn theory which is not accepted by other most of the scientists. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the report defined the topic of the paper, hypothesis, theoretical framework of the research elements such as ontology and epistemology, research philosophy, research approach, research design, and data collection methods. It is found that the qualitative research is not able to addressing the research question related to the positive accounting research and positive accounting theory. There is some suggestion provided for the effective positive accounting research. The critical analysis in the paper has implication on the positive accounting research programs. The analysis suggested some recommendation that may help in improving the positive accounting research. Dunmore, P. (2009) Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Retrieved from https://www.massey.ac.nz/~pvdunmor/HalfaDefence.pdf

Critically assess the extent to which discrimination law at European Essay

Critically assess the extent to which discrimination law at European and domestic level has improved the position of women in the workplace - Essay Example Much has been said about this problem, but it seems there is still much to be done to solve it. To my mind, this problem can hardly be ignored; there are a lot of means of softening and minimizing it, as much as it is possible. The work is devoted to the discussion of the effectiveness of legislation, concerning the problem of gender discrimination, and the present situation in the society in terms of this problem. The work touches main theoretical aspects of gender discrimination in the workplace from psychological and ethical points of view. The European Employment Strategy (EES), created in 1997, implies that European countries prepare National Action Plans once a year. The plan will reflect the changes at the labor market made in accordance with the common goals. The plan was to make 60% employed by 2010 and provide females with equal rights and opportunities. Some European countries including France and Spain try not only to eliminate cases where women are not given a job because of many male candidates, but also to set equal salaries for men and women. In England and Sweden the situation is regulated by the Equal Opportunities Act and the main attention is also paid to equal salaries (Kersten, 2004). Though many people believe that gender discrimination is no longer relevant, it should be noted, that still among the 500 Fortune best companies, only five are headed by women, and other 495 are managed by men. In some job categories there are $10,000 differences in salary between men and women. Though the portion of women in the labour force is growing each year, and now equals to 48 percent of the total labour force, in some areas, as law, the sums women earn constitute only 59 percent of mens salaries in the same area for the same type of work. While studying the theoretical basics of the problem, it should be admitted that there have been outlined a number of so-called forces, that is the characteristics of human nature, which contribute

Major Role Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Major Role Analysis - Essay Example Right at that point, fate unfolds itself drastically in a manner that calls for Robbins to characterize the act of managing to control oneself from the verge of losing sanity. At this stage, there emerges requirement to convey the theme of injustice as Robbins acts to satisfy the expectation toward mixed feelings of contempt, helplessness, fits of rage, and frustration. Apparently, â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption† film exhibits two dimensions of reality between which is caught a poignant moment of transition for Dufresne and Robbins faces the challenge to express how it is like to be held responsible for a grave crime committed by someone else. The actor comes across the demand of realizing a character that must eventually decide on life’s worth, whether for Dufresne to defend his innocence or let nature take its course and dissolve all hopes on prison walls. To Robbins, Dufresne’s acknowledgment of the turning point in life must be excruciating just to imagine th e fact that the man who has humbly lived a life of success and prominence is now in Shawshank State Penitentiary where incarcerated individuals are bound to perceive every form of dread to psychological and emotional states of well-being. Robbins must have subjected himself to thorough contemplation of the major role to be able to align Dufresne’s words with actions that reflect extreme despair and total lack of self-esteem behind the anguished calm of the face. His portrayal of wretchedness in the case of a modest banker turned prisoner in service of an undeserved sentence appears complex because the film’s thematic approach is supposed to lead the viewers to an empathic sentiment, believing in the blamelessness of the convicted. In the process, Robbins moderates his acting to demonstrate the protagonist’s capacity to relate with fellow inmates, trusting especially Ellis Boyd â€Å"Red† Redding as portrayed by Morgan Freeman. To this extent, Dufresneâ₠¬â„¢s consequences may be anticipated to engage the audience into the gradual resolution of the conflict when the man is seen acquiring the potential to adapt to his rather harsh environment. Since â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption† falls within the crime and gangster genre, the audience may reasonably expect of a progress in which the principal character is directed to develop sharp malevolent traits and the following events could have shown physically violent encounters where the subject in the mode of revenge schemes to triumph by physical means. Nevertheless, Robbins is demanded of a function that embodies maintenance of principles and he needs to convince the audience of a consistent illustration of Dufresne who occurs to be meek and defenseless to officers and inmates alike, from the point of entry to the prison until after nearly two decades. For this aim to concretize, instead of visible execution of thoughts, the implicit heart of the matter must be sensed and this serv es as a challenge for Robbins to maximize the use of facial gestures through the look in his eyes and movement of head or lips with less external effort to deliver a fragile type of character whose weakness can be predicted with ease. Upon completion of watching the film, viewers are normally inclined to assess judgment on the story and how the primary figures have altogether made it run

Ransom Written by Lois Duncan Essay -- Ransom Lois Duncan Essays

Ransom Written by Lois Duncan Setting:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story takes place in New Mexico Time:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story occurs during the winter. Characters:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buck is one of the three people who are kidnapping the children. He is tempered easily. He doesn’t really care for others much. Rita is Buck’s wife. She is not very pretty and gets drug into schemes by Buck. She feels he will leave her if she doesn’t follow directions. Juan is the other kidnapper who does more of the dirty work. He is the one who calls the parents for the money. He’s the one who shot the bus driver. Glenn is one of the boys who were kidnapped. He’s very popular and has friends and thinks that nobody dislikes him. He’s handsome and very athletic. Glenn’s brother Bruce is into more technology stuff. He is not very handsome and looks up to his brother a lot. He is physically challenged because his body is underdeveloped. Dexter doesn’t have a mother or father. He lives with his bachelor uncle who’s always away on business trips. He is liked fairly well. He is happy with his li fe. Jesse is new to everyone. She moves around the world quite a lot. She’s very mature compared to the others. Marianne has two brothers. Her parents are divorced and her mother remarried another man. She thinks that her real dad still loves her and will rescue her and doesn’t care much for her new father. Conflict:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The group’s main problem is that they are being held ransom and they don’t know whether they’ll ever be rescued. The group is concerned that their parents won’t be able to get the whole amount of money so they are faced with the fact of having to runaway in order to escape their kidnappers. Plot:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The kids are getting on the bus to go home after another ordinary day at high school. They noticed they had a substitute bus driver. He missed a couple of stops so Bruce volunteered to show him the way. When only the five kids who live on Valley Gardens are left, the bus driver drives past their subdivision without stopping. The kids complain and he tells them to shut up. The bus pulls off to the side of the road next to a waiting car. He orders them to get off the bus and into the car. By this time the kids realized they were being kidnapped. A woman is in the car, whose name is Rita. She drives them to a cabin about two hours away. When they arrive, the kids are fed stew. The boys were sent... ...ased the brakes until coming to a complete stop. Juan and Glenn, knowing where they were going, went to the door leaving the dad alone to get the money. Upon entering the cabin, Juan asked him for the money. He replied quickly that first he needs to see his daughter. The children came out. There was a sudden movement by Glenn which attracted the attention on him long enough for Marianne’s father to pull out the pistol. He pistol whipped Juan and held the gun towards Rita. Rita suddenly started screaming in Spanish asking where Buck was. They told her he was dead and ordered her to put her hands above her head. He handed the gun to Glenn motioning him to stay here and watch the two as he went for the cops and took the others. Evaluation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought the book was very exciting and suspenseful like her other books. The book had very good detail and an interesting plot. I liked the twist when Juan and the girl’s father came upon Glenn walking down the road. I also liked how the author described the action in great detail. It made me feel like I was right there seeing it all happen firsthand. I don’t think that the author could’ve made this book any better than she did already.

The Organizational Implications of Robotics

Forecasts of how many robots will be used In 1990 I- the u-led States range between 75,000 and 150,000 (Hunt & Hunt, 1983). Little Is known, however, about how Individual employees react to the Introduction of robots or about the changes needed In organizations to support robotics. Our research focuses on â€Å"deterrents†g the human side of robotics–how Individuals react to robots, how and when organizations should be modified to support robotics, and what effective strategies are for the Implementation of robotics.The Robot Institute of America defines a robot as a programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move objects through variable programmed motions to perform a variety of tasks (Robot Institute of America, 1982). Two characteristics differentiate taboos from most other forms of automation: multiple task capability and programmability. The robots used most frequently in U. S. Factories today, in jobs that involve moving material, welding, drilling, or spray painting, are called level To' first-generation robots.Researchers are now in the process of developing taboos, known as level II or second-generation robots, with more sophisticated sensing and thinking capabilities. For example, a level II robot that is capable of identifying the location of parts of different shapes and sizes is currently bee†g developed. Other examples of level II robots include those that mine underground coal seams, detect gas leaks, or perform sophisticated I†speciation tasks. Ares and Miller (1983) provide a good description of the current and expected future capabilities of robotics. 2 1:1 this paper. E first develop a GE:learn framework for' the effects of robots I:altitudes and We I:electorate from our field studies of the implementation:l of robotics as well as from other field studies f the Impact of robotics our general framework. The methodology and results of our field studies are described in greater detail In Argots, Goodman, a:o ld Cascade (1983) a:old Argots and Goodman (1984). We conclude the paper with suggestions for researchers who are analyzing the Implementation of robotics and with recommendations for managers who plan to utilize robotics In their organizations.A General Framework The use of robotics may have a profound effect on the organization of work a. ‘old on the productivity of tessellations. Robots typically require :lee skills of both reduction and technical support personnel and require closer l:alterations among functional areas (Argots. Goodman, & Cascade, 1983). Robots may displace some Technology Assessment, 1984). Robots may also enable organizations to be more flexible by decreasing set-up times associated WI the product changeovers. Moreover, robots may enable organizations to achieve greater consists:LLC I:l the quality of their products (Ares & Miller, 1983; Guest, 1984).In this section, we develop a general framework for anticipating these effects of robots on individuals a nd organizations s well as for predict:leg the conditions under which the use of robots will enhance organizational performance. Organizational Performance L â€Å"l order to present our general framework, we first must discuss the concept of organ:location:ala performance. Organizations can be thought of as consisting of three basic components–people, etc†Ã¢â‚¬ logy. And structure. 3 It is the compatibility between† these three basic comps†e†TTS of organ†Tioga:l's that determined†sees their Performa†CE (Alleviate, 1965; Emery & Trust, 1973).Organizational performance is a complex variable with multiple dimensions (Goodman & Pen†inns, 1977; Katz & Kahn, 1978). Examples of performance criteria that are critical in the manufacture:leg environment are productivity, product quality, manufacture:leg flexibility, absenteeism, turnover, and employee motivation and well-bee:leg. These criteria may vary in importance over time and to d ifferent constituencies. For example, sales and marketing departments may place a higher premium on manufacturing flexibility than other functional areas because it enables the organization to adapt to customers' needs in a timely fashion.Similarly, manufacture:leg flexibility may be ore important in early than in late stages off product's life cycle (Kaplan, 1983). Further, these performance crib terra are likely to be interrelate Ted, sometimes complex ways. For example, employee motivation may be positively related to work unit productivity under conditions of uncertain:let that occur, for example, when a machine breaks down, while employee motivation may have little effect on the productivity of capital-I:latencies firms under route†e or programmed condo actions (CB. Goodman, 1979).Similarly, productivity, at least measured I† the short tune, may be negatively associated with manufacture:leg flexibility. The complexity of the concept of organizational performance sug gests that understanding the impact and effects of :lee technologies requires an appreciation of the interrelationships among the elements of organizations. It also suggests the †deed for exam†I:leg multiple performance criteria a:old the trade-offs among them. Further research is :leaded to identify how the I†duration:l of robots will affect the elements of an organization a:old the conditions under which these elements may be 4 compatible. He few exists†g meme†kcal studies of the of robots (Argots, Goodman, & Cascade, 983; Argots & Goodman†, 1984; Office of Technology Assessment, 1984) and thee-ethical work on Job design, o†generational SST†structure, o†generational effective†sees, a†d the introduction of change enable us to suggest what these effects a†e likely to be and when the use of †boots is likely to e†ha†CE manufacture†I†g pee†finance We want to emphasize that us'â⠂¬ g robots does not automatically imply certain consequence†sees for organizations but rather it is the interplay between characteristics of the technology, the manner in which it is I†traduced, the organization's structure, For example, some companies p†ovoid little training of† their robot operators and design the Jobs of operators such that they have little autonomy and are very dependent on technical support staff.Other comma†sees provide more trait†ins for their operators, design more autonomy into their Jobs, and expect them to be actively involved in patriotism†g the operation of the robots. Our sense is that the latter approach to design†ins the operator's Job results in more motivated operators and a speedier and smoother implement†taxation than the boomer. The technology in each approach is the same. It is the supporting organizational arrangements that are different. Thus, the use of robots does not determine certain consequences for organizations. Instead it is the relationship between characteristics of the robots, the people who operate and maintain the robots, and the organizational arrangements that support the robots that affect the putrescence of o†sanitation†s. I†dividable Employees We †owe turn to what is known about how the I†duration† of â€Å"O bots typically affects individual employees I† organ†actions. The I†duration† of robots usually changes the skills and Job activities of I†dividable employees. In our study off plant in the metal-working industry, the introduction of a robot that performed material handling activities caused a shift in the robot operators' Jobs from primarily manual to primarily mental activities (Argots, Goodman, & Cascade, 1983). The Office of Technology Assessment (TOT) reports a similar change with the introduction of welding robots in the automobile industry: the introduction of the robot s removed some of the physical demands from the Jobs of human operators (TOT, 1984).Thus, the introduction of robots in both studies had a positive effect on employees' work environments: the robots assumed some of the very physically demanding tasks otherwise performed by humans. At the same time, both studies found that the introduction of robots had certain negative effects on employees. Operators in our study reported that they experienced more stress and less control after the robot SASS introduced (Argots, Goodman, & Cascade, 1983). Similarly, the TOT report indicates that direct production employees felt less control with the introduction of the welding robots, because their Jobs were now tied to an assembly line (TOT, 1984).Repair supervisors in the TOT report also experienced greater stress upon the implementation of robots, apparently due to the pressures of maintaining a complex and highly integrated production system (TOT , 1984). Based on previous research, we expect th at if the I†transduction of robots leads to employees experiencing less control over their work environment, then they will be less satisfied, less motivated, and experience more stress upon the introduction of new technologies (Blabber, 6 1964; Hack† & Lawyer, 1971; Hickman & Lolled, 1975; Sutton & Kahn, in press). We also expect that systems that are very complex or characterized by low reliability will be associated with increased stress (Bright, 1958; TOT, 1984). The experience of variety and feedback on the Job promotes employee well-bet†g (Hickman & Lolled, 1975).If the use of robotics affects the variety and feedback employees experience, then we expect corresponding changes in their satisfaction and motivation. Along these lines, the TOT report I†dictates that mat†tenancy introduction of welding robots: the maintenance workers' Jobs were characterized by greater variety and more challenge (TOT, 1984). The introduction of robotics typically chang es the skill requirements of both production and technical support personnel. As noted earlier, the use of robots usually shifts operators' Jobs from manually-oriented to mentally-oriented activities. If these changes are compatible with employees' skills and preferences, employees will feel more satisfied and less stress with the change.Strategies are suggested later in this chapter for maximizing the fit between employees and their Jobs and for designing the Jobs of employees, both direct and indirect, who must interact with robots. The manner in which robots are implemented may also affect employee reaction to the change. Coco and Fresh's (1948) classic study indicates that introducing change n a participative fashion increases the likelihood that employees will react positively to change. Other researchers have also stressed participation as a key variable in determining the extent to which employees react positively to change (Cotter & Schlesinger, 1979; Deteriorate al. , 1983) .While employees I† the two organizations we studied did †to participate at all in any decisions surrounding the I†transduction of the robots, employees at both organizations desired more that† they actually had (Argots, Goodman, & Cascade, 1983; Argots & Goodman, 1984). The discrepancy between how much influence they actually had and how much they desired was especially pronounced at the second organization we studied, possibly because the organization was unionized and had a tradition of employee participation. While employees desired more influence, they acknowledged that the implementation of robotics is a complex activity requiring technical expertise that they generally do not possess. Hence, employees did not expect a great deal of influence in decisions regarding robotics.They did feel, however, that they had some expertise, especially concerning work processes and machines in their department, and that they should be involved in socio† related to their areas of expertise. Another dimension of the implementation process is the method organizations use to communicate with employees about the introduction of robotics. Organizations may use a variety of communication mechanisms, including talks by the plant manager, meetings with first-line supervisors, and demonstrations. L† our research, we examined how effective employees rated the various communication sources their organizations used to introduce robotics. Our results indicate that demonstrations of the operation of robots are [dated by employees as most effective or increasing their understanding of robots (Argots, Goodman. & Cascade, 1983).This result is corroborated by the finding that the demonstration had a greater impact on employees' beliefs about and attitudes towards robotics than any other communication source the organization used (Argots & Goodman, 1985). 8 How employee motivation, satisfaction and stress affect the performance of firms using robotics r emains an open question. Teethe is a growing sense in the business literature that these human resource issues are critical too firm's ability to compete that using robotics and other programmable automation in ways that enhance employee well-being leads to increased organizational efficiency (TOT, 1984). Consequently, it is important that we identify the conditions under which employee motivation, satisfaction, and stress affect the overall performance of firms using robotics.A† interesting hypothesis developed from previous research is that these human resource variables affect the overall performance of work units when nonprogrammer situations occur, for example, a machine breakdown or the introduction of a new product (CB. Goodman, 1979). Under routine operating conditions, human motivation and attitudes †ay have little effect on the performance f robotics systems. That is, human resource variables may matter more when tech. †eulogies are first being implemente d, when new products alee being introduced, To' when unexpected problems arise than when systems are operating routinely. Organizational Structures In addition to affecting individual employees, the introduction of robots may also change the basic structures of organizations–communication within and between departments, decision-making responsibilities, role relationships and the like.In our study, we found that the introduction of a robot led to increased interactions teen production and technical support personnel from engineering and maintenance. Studies of other technologies similar to robots, such as numerical control machines, report similar increases in interaction among production, engineering, and maintenance groups (Williams & Williams, 1964; TOT, 1984). 9 The use of robotics also has the potential to chaw:leg collation:lisps between production a:old markets:leg groups is:lace robots may reduce the time it takes to change from one product to another. This potential could e:label organizations both to accommodate a more varied product mix a:old to response:old more easily to customer demands.Although we have :lot yet witnessed a:AY empirical evidence of modified relationships between production and marketing due to the introduction of robots, these changes might occur as more robots are put on line and linked in integrated systems. There is some evidence that the use of advanced automation on the factory floor may enable organizations to centralize production scheduling decisions (TOT, 1984). This may reduce the need for technical experts who schedule production as well as eliminate scheduling tasks from supervisors' Jobs. Similarly, intelligent robots that perform inspection tasks may reduce the requirement for facial quality control staff. Indeed the use of intelligent robots may lead to fewer hierarchical levels within organizations as well as too smaller number of direct production workers (Cherty, Dunked, Jordan, & Miller, 1984).This is be cause intelligent systems alee capable of performing many activities, both manual and mental, traditionally performed by supervisors and certain support staff as well as by direct production workers. There are already examples of organizations where the use of programmable automation has led to the elimination of one layer of supervisors Chem.., Sisley, Liker, Earthman, & Thomas, 1984). At the same time, the use of intelligent robots may require more individuals with expertise maintaining and programming robots. R Thus far, we have focused on describing how the use of robotics is likely to change these structural changes may be associated with improved manufacturing performance.As noted earlier, the use of 10 robotics typically I†creases the I†trepanned†CE of activities performed by member's of different functional groups. He†CE the use of robotics usually requires more interaction among these functional areas. We have observed companies where the increased i nteractions went extremely smoothly, a†d all groups were motivated to cooperate in the implementation of the †ewe technology. We have also observed companies where the increased interaction was characterized by hostility, impede†g the implementation. What differentiates these two situations? In their analysis of interdepartmental conflict in organizations, Walton and Dutton (1969) discuss the conditions under which interdenominational relationships are characterized by conflict.These conditions include: a reward structure that emphasizes the performance of separate roofs; asymmetric interdependence in which one group is more dependent on the other; communication obstacles such as different locations or specialized languages; and aggressive individuals. Applying these findings to the implementation of robotics provides insight in predicting when the increased interactions required by the use of robotics are likely to be smooth and when they are likely to be conflict ion. If a company's reward structure emphasizes the putrescence of separate groups, we expect the introduction of robotics to be characterized by conflict. This might occur, for example, if production groups are threaded according to short-term efficiency figures while engineering groups are rewarded for the number of †ewe equipment pieces they introduce. Asymmetric interdependence is also likely to contribute to conflict.This situation characterizes most introductions of new technology where, at least in certain stages of the implementation, production is more dependent on engineering for hardware and software then engineering is dependent on production. The effect of asymmetric needs on conflict is 11 moderated by the company's reward system. A reward system that emphasizes the performance of operate groups will only amplify the conflict potential of asymmetric interdependence. Instead, a reward system that has a more global and long-term orientation may foster cooperation a nd reduce the potential for conflict caused by asymmetric interdependence. When the functional groups that must interact to implement new technology are located in different areas or use different terminologies, conflict is likely to surround the process.Conversely, if the different groups are located near each other, sit in on each other's meetings to understand each other's goals and constraints, and use a common language, then we expect the interactions required by the introduction of robotics to be more graceful. Finally, the nature of people who play key roles in the introduction, such as the lead engineer, affects the level of conflict. When key positions are occupied by . †aggressive, authoritarian individuals concerned primarily with their own careers, the probability of conflict increases. The behavior of these individuals also will be affected, of course, by the company's reward sys tem. &†other structural issue raised by the implementation of robotics concerns the balance between centralization and decentralization in a organization. Current

The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 - 1530 Words

This chart from the site â€Å"Chaos of Business† shows the large decline of the Enron stock when it was being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. People who had shares of the stock had lost almost all of their money they invested into the company. This chart shows that the share price dropped from $84 per share to $0.01 per share in about ten months. It seems like not a big deal, but in reality people usually buy hundreds of shares in a company, so that loss of $84 can calculate to about $25,200 if a person has 300 shares lost. This chart shows how quickly the money was lost and how badly it affected the people who owned shares of Enron. After the Enron scandal the government had created a new law called the Sarbanes-Oxley†¦show more content†¦By putting more responsibility onto the accounting firms this will allow corporate executives more responsibility on financial records and make these executives at fault if the company were to be found committing accounting fraud. Some say that to stop more frauds from happening in the future that the government needs to get less involved with the economy and how business and corporations interact with each other. They say that if there were less governmental regulations Enron or any other company that created false financial records, could have been avoided if the government had less control on how they prepare financial records. But, when companies are given more freedom they look for more ways to make their corporation look better. When a company makes financial records for the public they want to make themselves look as profitable as possible. Without governmental control financial records of companies will show huge amounts of profit, but will not show hidden debts and asset depreciation. They say the government has too much responsibility in the economy and to control every business is impossible. This can be true the Security and Exchange Commission cannot handle all of the economy, but it needs help wi th more forensic accountants. Forensic accountants should be the main focus because they are the people that are trained to investigate and find how companies are creating fraud in their records. At this moment the economy has way too many open investigations into The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 - 1530 Words Over the years, regulators and practitioners raise concerns on auditor independence. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 includes rules on auditor responsibility and independence. The PCAOB designed policies on auditors’ ethical behavior and independence. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct contains Section 101 – Independence that describes requirements for the auditor during engagements. The regulators establish principles and standards of the accounting profession, but the number of financial scandals continue increases due to the audit failure. The auditor independence is one of the important elements of quality audit. The independence safeguards auditor/client relationships, ensures fair disclosure, integrity and objectivity. The audit independence is a complex issue with threats to profession’s fundamental principles. The examples of Enron and Arthur Andersen, Ernst Young and Lehman Brothers, Ernst Young and PeopleSoft, and many others demonstrate the lack of auditor independence that led to fraudulent financial reporting of the audited entity. Therefore, regulators together with accounting firms should find ways to eliminate threats of auditor independence and prevent consequences of impairment of auditor independence. Purpose of Research and Research Question The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of auditor independence on audit quality. The primary research questions are: 1. What are the threats to auditor independence? 2. How does the auditorShow MoreRelatedSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002985 Words   |  4 Pages Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Week # 2 Individual Assignment â€Æ' Sox Key Main Aspects for a Regulatory Environment Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 by former president George Bush. Essentially to combat the Enron crisis. The Sox Act basically has regulatory control and creates an enviroment that is looking out for the public. Ideally this regulatory environment protects the public from fraud within corporations. Understanding, that while having this regulatoryRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations are put in line to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics include â€Å"the promotion of honest andRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages well-known acts have been signed into laws by the presidents at the time to protect investors and consumers alike. A brief overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, a discussion of some of the provisions therein, opinions of others regarding the act and also my personal and professional opinion will be discussed below. The same will be examined about the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Senators Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley were the sponsors of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Read MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics includes the promotion of honest and ethical conductRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, also known as the SOX Act, is enacted on July 30, 2002 by Congress as a result of some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to p revent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, externalRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Act was placed into law to protect the consumer against fraudulent activity by organizations. This paper will provide a brief history of the law and discuss some of the ethical components and social implications on corporations. This research will provide information on how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act affects smaller organizations and how it encourages employees to inform of wrong doings. Brief Synopsis of Sarbanes-Oxley The U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-OxleyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20022137 Words   |  9 Pagesdishonest act that remained common amongst companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco was the fabrication of financial statements. These companies were reporting false information on their financial statements so that it would appear that the companies were making profits. However, those companies were actually losing money instead. Because of these companies’ actions, the call to have American businesses to be regulated under new rules served as a very important need. In 2002, Paul Sarbanes from theRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Cheeseman, 2013). Congress ordered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX Act) to shield customers from the fraudulent exercises of significant partnerships. This paper will give a brief history of the SOX Act, portray how it will shield general society from fraud inside of partne rships, and give a presumption to the viability of the capacity of the demonstration to shield purchasers from future frauds. History of the SOX Act Congress established the Sarbanes-Oxley ActRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 20021322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulationsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was the result of a number of large financial scandals in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. One of the most well-known corporate accounting scandals was the Enron scandal, which was exposed in 2001. Enron, an energy company that was considered one of the most financially sound corporations in the United States before the scandal, produced false earnings reports to shareholders and kept large debts off the accounting books (Peavler, 2016). Enron executives